Part of the debate will be whether the European Union will be able to raise more money to pay for defense through common debt, as it did to fight Covid.

But the issue is thorny: Such joint fund-raising might impede the efforts of member countries to meet the individual demands that the NATO alliance is already making of them in terms of raising military budgets. Of the 27 E.U. countries that will meet in the closed-door session on Monday, 23 are members of NATO.

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