“Europe must continue to work on all necessary countermeasures and mobilize all available levers to protect itself,” he said in a post on X. He added that French entrepreneurs and industrialists told him that their businesses were already being hit “right to the heart” by Mr. Trump’s tariffs.

The whipsaw of the tariff announcements has already led to lower growth forecasts. France, Germany, Italy and Spain — Europe’s biggest economies — downgraded their economic outlooks this week, and Moody’s ratings agency said in a new analysis that the tariffs had raised the risk of a recession in Europe.

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